SCOTUS (5-4) Rules in Favor of Indian Nations in Health Care Funding Dispute

Feb 28, 2023Feb 28, 2023 

The Supreme Court today decided a statutory interpretation case in which millions of dollars were at stake. Without getting too far into the weeds, the issue was whether the federal government is obligated to pay the costs incurred by Indian tribes to administer health programs funded by Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers. The majority ruled that the statute in question -- the  Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ("ISEA"), 25 U. S. C. §5301 et seq. -- requires (unambiguously, apparently) the U.S. to reimburse the tribes for those administrative costs.

The Court's analysis (written by Chief Justice Roberts) invoked the text of the statute, the policy Congress sought to further when it passed the ISEA, and the history of the statutory provisions in question. The analysis is pretty mainstream for the Court, although originalists often abjure policy and legislative history as too squishy to be relied upon.

As the Court's opinion points out, there is an interpretive tool called "the Indian canon," which calls for statutory language that is ambiguous to be construed in favor of Indian tribes. One of the courts of appeals relied on the Indian canon to rule against the federal government. The other lower court produced three opinions in which one of the judges in the majority found the statute to be ambiguous and subject to the Indian canon, while the other judge in the majority thought the provision unambiguously supported the tribe. 

The SCOTUS majority, after mentioning the Indian canon in its description of the rulings below, never went back to it. Maybe the Court found the statute's meaning to be unambiguous. And maybe the Chief decided to skip the canon in order to keep Justice Kavanaugh as the all-important fifth vote. 

Canons of statutory interpretation are getting increased scrutiny at the Court, as evidenced by a recent concurring opinion by Justice Kavanaugh (Rudisill v. Secretary, Dep't of Veterans Affairs, April 16, 2024; see also Daniel Harawa, Justices lean toward narrow reading of aggravated identity theft, SCOTUSBlog, Feb 28, 2023 ("In many ways, Monday’s oral argument in Dubin v. United States felt like a legislation class in law school, with various canons of statutory construction being bandied about"; the defendant prevailed in this identity-fraud case in a 9-0 opinion by Justice Sotomayor that Professor Harawa described as "a tutorial in statutory interpretation"). 

Is a free-for-all over competing interpretive canons evidence that canons are alive and well? Or that interpretive canons are seen as makeweights with little more than rhetorical value?

More Healthcare Fraud Enforcement Actions: The Beat Goes On

  It's hard to know who is winning the battle against healthcare fraud -- the fraudsters or the enforcers. The list of enforcement outcomes (charges, verdicts, sentencing) is pretty darned impressive, both for the brazenness of the crimes and the success of the prosecutors. 

The HHS Office of Inspector General has a useful website that list 9,232 enforcement actions over the past decade. For my purposes, it's over-inclusive, because it lists "[c]riminal, civil or administrative legal actions relating to fraud and other alleged violations of law, initiated or investigated by OIG and its law enforcement partners" -- in other words, way more than only criminal prosecutions for health care fraud. The site does have some filters, but none are specific to health care. The listings for the past week alone, however, show the heavy concentration of health care fraud and the use of the criminal-justice system to punish wrongdoers:

• Florida Felon Sentenced to Prison for Role in Multi-Million Dollar Health Care Kickback Scheme After Pleading Guilty to COVID-19 Fraud and Unlawfully Possessing Firearm (May 30, 2024)
• Attorney General Ken Paxton Secures 84-Month Prison Sentence for Clinic Owner in $15 Million Medicare Fraud Scheme (May 30, 2024) (Note: Paxton's a terrible model of a public servant, but his fraud task force has done admirable work over the years going after healthcare fraudsters)
• Medical Device Manufacturer Innovasis Inc. and Two Top Executives Agree to Pay $12M to Settle Allegations of Improper Payments to Physicians (May 29, 2024) 
• Wisconsin Attorney Sentenced To Five And A Half Years In Federal Prison For $2.3 Million Fraud And Tax Evasion Schemes (May 28, 2024) 
• Penn Highlands Healthcare To Pay $735,000 To Settle False Claims Act Allegations (May 28, 2024) 
• Doctor Convicted Of $70M Medicare Fraud Scheme (May 24, 2024)
• Florida Businessman Daniel Hurt To Pay Over $27 Million For Medicare Fraud In Connection With Cancer Genomic Tests (May 24, 2024) 

Is it characteristic of fraudsters that, in their heart of hearts, they really believe they won't be found out by the authorities? Of do they take a (misguided) risk/reward calculation? 

JAMA: Texas Medical Board Dropped the Ball with its Abortion "Exceptions" Rule

The authors of an opinion piece in the Journal of the American Medical Association (published on-line today) offer their critique of the "non-guidance guidance" concerning emergency exceptions to the Texas ban on abortions. In a previous post, I expressed disappointment with the "cut-and-paste job" that offered nothing of value to guide physicians who need to decide whether a patient is experiencing the sort of medical crisis that would satisfy Texas's vague exception for an "emergency." 

As the JAMA authors point out, the rule does add onerous reporting requirements with potentially lethal consequences:

"Although labeled as mere documentation, each of these requirements potentially heightens the danger of criminal prosecution for clinicians working in already challenging circumstances. A patient’s condition might generally indicate a risk to her life. But pointing to this rule, a prosecutor or complainant before the Texas Board might argue that a physician did not exercise reasonable medical judgment, because they did not obtain a second opinion, attempt every alternative, or seek transfer. The Board’s proposal could invite—rather than ward off—second-guessing clinical decisions in legal proceedings."

The authors' conclusion seems unassailable: "Like other Texas institutions, the Texas Medical Board was unwilling to provide guidance to the medical profession. . . . With a sword of Damocles hanging over their heads, physicians hesitate to provide standard-of-care medicine, and the steady stream of patients denied care continues, and increases."

New Study Confirms Public Health Policy and Tools Were Weakened by Judicial Decisions During COVID Pandemic

Health Affairs has "pre-posted" the most detailed and insightful study I've seen that shows how court decisions -- including those from SCOTUS and various state supreme courts -- undermined traditional public-health policies and tools. The study was headed by Michelle M. Mello, David H. Jiang, and Wendy E. Parmet and deserves close study of the dismantling of a public-health regime that has, by and large, served this country well since its founding. Here's the authors' conclusion:

Our analysis of 112 COVID-19-era judicial decisions revealed areas of profound instability in how courts analyze challenges to exercises of public health legal powers. Based on our understanding of prepandemic case law, the decisions also represent surprising departures from how courts had previously analyzed similar claims, especially those concerning religious liberty and statutory authority.

Public officials come in for some of the criticism, particularly for their occasional failure to explain the rationale for their decisions, which left those decisions vulnerable to attack through litigation. The lesson is unmistakable: the courts, the regulators, and the rest of us need to do better the next time. And there will be a next time.

ECMO: A Clinical and Ethical Challenge for Our Time

The New Yorker has posted an excellent essay ("How ECMO is Redefining Death") on the history, current status, and ethical challenges of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (a/k/a ECMO), an out-of-body device that bypasses the heart and lungs by taking carbon dioxide out of a patient's blood, oxygenating it, and returning the blood to the patient's circulatory system. Issues abound -- Under what circumstances should this procedure be started (i.e., for what medical purpose)? If it's started to keep a patient alive until a transplant organ becomes available, what happens if the patient's condition deteriorates until she is no longer a candidate for an organ? Who decides whether to stop ECMO? What are the standards for stopping? What if the patient wants to be kept alive on ECMO? (If you're not a subscriber, you can brush up on the ethical analysis of ECMO by reading an article on PubMed,) Or . . .

The piece is written by Clayton Dalton, identified as an ER physician in New Mexico. His personal website has links to other published essays, including a bunch of New Yorker articles. If you're not a subscriber to the magazine, he might have the ECMO piece posted on his website sometime soon.

Pharma Loses "Takings" Argument in NJ District Court

UPDATE to previous posts (here and here) on the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program in the Inflation Reduction Act. As reported by BioSpace, on April 29:

Judge Zahid Quraishi of the District of New Jersey issued summary judgment against J&J’s Janssen and BMS, dismissing their claim that the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program was an unconstitutional taking of their assets.

“In short, Defendants are not taking drugs from Plaintiffs,” Quraishi wrote in his 26-page ruling, according to multiple news outlets. “Selling to Medicare may be less profitable than it was before the institution of the Program, but that does not make Defendants’ decision to participate any less voluntary.”

BMS has already appealed the ruling to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, Endpoints News reported. 

The BioSpace piece has a nice summary of the various attempts by Big Pharma to mount challenges against the program. And a comprehensive discussion of the program was posted this morning in The Washington Post (possibly one-time free access). See also Reuters, 

The district court's opinion is here.

US Court of Appeals (4th Cir.): States Must Include Gender-Affirming Surgery in Health Plans

Otherwise, paying for the very same procedures for non-transgendered patients violates the Equal Protection Clause of the federal Constitution. Yes, they said it in a majority opinion released today. And yes, of course there were dissenting opinions (3 of 'em). The split on the court in this en banc case was 8-6. 

For just a flavor of the principal dissenting opinion, try this:

I respectfully dissent.  The Equal Protection Clause does not license judges to strike down any policy we disagree with.  It instead grants the states leeway to tailor policies to local circumstances, while providing a carefully calibrated remedy for truly illicit discrimination.  No such discrimination appears in these cases.  North Carolina and West Virginia do not target members of either sex or transgender individuals by excluding coverage for certain services from their policies.  They instead condition coverage on whether a patient has a qualifying diagnosis.  Anyone—regardless of their sex, gender identity, or combination thereof—can obtain coverage for these services if they have a qualifying diagnosis.  And no one—regardless of their sex, gender identity, or combination thereof—can obtain coverage if they lack one.  There is therefore nothing about these policies that discriminates on the basis of sex or transgender status.

This is truly "Alice Through the Looking Glass" stuff.

The real question is what the Supreme Court will do when it gets its hands on this issue. That is a question, right? And not a foregone conclusion?

Negotiating with Big Pharma Over Drug Prices for Medicare

You really can't blame Big Pharma for hating the new federal law that authorizes the Medicare program (for the first time in its 59-year existence) to stop buying drugs for the manufacturer's price but instead to negotiate for a reasonable price (the way the VA, state Medicaid agencies, the Defense Department, and most other countries do).

Medicare has been a predictably incredible cash cow for Big Pharma for generations, and that way of doing business is on its way out. 

The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program was authorized by Subtitle B (Prescription Drug Pricing Reform) of the bipartisan Inflation Reduction Act (once you're at the IRA, just do a search for "drug price"). As the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) eases into this new role, it identified 10 drugs that cost the program the most (a function of price x frequency of Rx). 

Big Pharma's government-relations/lobby folks have all sorts of arguments against the program. Some question whether the government will save as much money as it predicts will be the case. Time will tell.

But one argument is more philosophical: This level of government intervention is inconsistent with the traditional "free market" system that has served patients so darned well.

There's an article in the April 25 issue of the New England Journal that refutes Big Pharma's assertion. The article is "The Myth of the Free Market for Pharmaceuticals" by Rena M. Conti, Ph.D., Richard G. Frank, Ph.D., and David M. Cutler, Ph.D. There's a "public link" that's available behind a "Share" button on the NEJM webpage. I don't know if it works for nonsubscribers, but here it is: https://www-nejm-org.foyer.swmed.edu/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp2313400.

The article makes the point that the market for pharmaceutical products is not and never has been a "free market," at least not in the classic economic sense. The characteristics of a free market, the authors argue, are:

1. consumers are assumed to be fully informed, 
2. it is assumed that they choose products on the basis of their discernable benefits and costs, 
3. sellers can freely enter markets and make products similar or identical to others, and 
4. prices, set by firms seeking to maximize profits, are competitive with those of other sellers and unmodified by government intervention.

The authors conclude that "[t]he U.S. pharmaceutical market strays from all these features." The point is a basic one, and you don't need a Ph.D. to figure this out. The government issues patents that grant monopoly status to drugs, entry into the market with competing drugs depends upon FDA approval, consumers are woefully uninformed about benefits and costs (or highly dependent upon information provided by parties with very strong economic interests), and most purchasers are shielded from paying the true cost of drugs by third-party payers (insurers who may pick up 80% or more of the price).

Perhaps the more salient point to be made is that Big Pharma knows its business even better than I do, and its "free market" argument is not even intended to be technically correct. It's political speech, like the AMA's old argument against Medicare ("it's communistic" or "it's socialized medicine"). Not true, but it rings bells and sets off alarms. 

That said, "free market" is a technical phrase, and it deserves to be dispatched by reference to its technical meaning. This week's NEJM article does just that. 

America's Best Poetry Critic Has Died

Despite this blog's self-description up at the top of this page, I don't recall ever posting anything here about poetry over the past 21 years.

Until today.

And I'm not posting about poetry -- at least not only about poetry -- but also about poetry criticism -- and not about the work of all poetry critics, but about one in particular.

Professor Helen Vendler
(April 30, 1933 - April 23, 2024)

You could say that as a one-time, part-time poetry columnist for the Dallas Morning News from 1998-2003, I was once in the same line of work as Helen Vendler. That's about as accurate and helpful as saying a cockroach and a lion are the same because they both have legs.

Helen Vendler was a much-honored Harvard Professor of English and American Literature and Language. Her awards were many and her books even more so. I never read a Vendler piece without feeling glad that  I had. According to Wikipedia, "In 2006, The New York Times called Vendler 'the leading poetry critic in America,'" and even her critics would have been hard-pressed to disagree. She was a traditionalist, which made her controversial in some circles, and that probably appealed to my own taste in poetry. 

The death notices and appreciations are starting to pile up, though I fear most of these links are behind a firewall. Even better, check out a book by Vendler and dip in. It will be a great trip.

• The New York Times, Helen Vendler: An Appreciation (She devoted her life to showing us how and why.) Apr. 25.
• Washington Post, Helen Vendler, poetry critic both revered and feared, dies at 90 (Helen Vendler, a literary scholar and reviewer of poetry who was revered and feared in equal measures, whose scalpel-sharp critiques could...) Apr. 25.
• The Boston Globe, Helen Vendler, a towering presence in poetry criticism, has died (Struggling as a single mother in 1967 to raise a son on scant funds while teaching 10 college courses a year, Helen Vendler realized that...) Apr. 24.
• The New York Times, Helen Vendler, 'Colossus' of Poetry Criticism, Dies at 90 (Helen Vendler, one of the leading poetry critics in the United States, with a reputation-making power that derived from her fine-grained,...) Apr. 24.

Noncompete Clauses and the FTC's Ban (UPDATED 4/29/24)

UPDATE (4/29/2024, 5:15PM CDT):

The Chamber of Commerce filed a "coalition lawsuit" against the FTC on Wednesday, April 24 (news release; complaint). In addition to the points listed below, the CoC is also hanging its hat on the retroactive application of the new to rule to nearly all 30 million existing noncompete agreements (see Complaint, ¶¶ 8, 21, 59, 84, 104-05). Retroactivity is not per se illegal, but there generally must be clear authorization from Congress (Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital (U.S. 1988)) or the agency must be writing on a clean slate with its retroactive rule (Smiley v. Citibank (U.S. 1996)), as seems to be the case here.

ORIGINAL POST (4/24/2024):

After 15 months of reviewing over 26,000 public comments on its proposed rule, the Federal Trade Commission voted 3-2 yesterday to adopt a final rule banning most noncompete agreements, including those involving health-care professionals and employees, effective 120 days after publication of the rule in the Federal Register. A 2-1/2-page fact sheet provides a helpful overview of the 570-page final rule. The majority claimed that "noncompetes are an unfair method of competition and therefore violate Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act ('FTC Act')."

Highlights of the rule (from the fact sheet):

• The rule states that noncompetes are an unfair method of competition. As a result, the rule prohibits employers from entering into new noncompetes with workers, as of the effective date. 
• The rule prohibits employers from enforcing noncompetes with workers other than senior executives as of the effective date. 
• Less than 1% of workers are estimated to be senior executives under the final rule. 
• Specifically, the final rule defines the term “senior executive” as workers earning more than $151,164 who are in a “policy-making position.” 
• The rule requires employers to notify workers whose noncompetes are no longer enforceable that their noncompetes are no longer in effect and will not be enforced. The FTC provides model language that employers can use to notify employees. 
• The rule includes an exception that allows noncompetes between the seller and buyer of a business. 
• The final rule differs from the proposed rule in several respects. For example: 
• The rule does not ban existing noncompetes with senior executives. 
• The rule simplifies the notice and compliance requirements for employers. 
• The rule expands the sale of business exception.

Of particular interest to hospitals, Becker's Hospital Review (4/24/2024) observes:

• Though the FTC recognized that it does not have jurisdiction over nonprofit entities, it reserved the right to evaluate an entity's nonprofit status, which would include a significant portion of the 6,120 hospitals in the U.S. 
  
  
• Specifically, the agency said that "some portion of the 58% of hospitals that claim tax-exempt status as nonprofits and the 19% of hospitals that are identified as state or local government hospitals in the data cited by [American Hospital Association] likely fall under the commission's jurisdiction and the final rule's purview."

The American Hospital Association continued its rejection of the rule:

• The final rule would have significant implications for the healthcare industry and has been described by Federation of American Hospitals President and CEO Chip Kahn as a "double whammy" against hospitals. 
  
  
• "The ban makes it more difficult to recruit and retain caregivers to care for patients, while at the same time creating an anticompetitive, unlevel playing field between taxpaying and tax-exempt hospitals — a result the FTC rule precisely intended to prevent," Mr. Kahn said in a statement shared with Becker's. "In a time of constant healthcare workforce shortages, the FTC's vote today threatens access to high-quality care for millions of patients."

The AHA position seemingly concedes the point that noncompetes tend to lock employees into the current job, and once the constraint of a noncompete is removed, it will be just that much more difficult to retain workers in a job market that is already producing shortages at many hospitals.

The U.S. Chamber Commerce has already stated its intention to challenge the rule in the courts:

“The Federal Trade Commission’s decision to ban employer noncompete agreements across the economy is not only unlawful but also a blatant power grab that will undermine American businesses’ ability to remain competitive.  

“Since its inception over 100 years ago, the FTC has never been granted the constitutional and statutory authority to write its own competition rules. Noncompete agreements are either upheld or dismissed under well-established state laws governing their use. Yet, today, three unelected commissioners have unilaterally decided they have the authority to declare what’s a legitimate business decision and what’s not by moving to ban noncompete agreements in all sectors of the economy. 

“This decision sets a dangerous precedent for government micromanagement of business and can harm employers, workers, and our economy. 

“The Chamber will sue the FTC to block this unnecessary and unlawful rule and put other agencies on notice that such overreach will not go unchecked.”

For the record, the FTC sees the situation differently:

Noncompetes restrict the freedom of American workers and suppress wages.

• Noncompetes restrict workers’ fundamental freedom to leave for a better job or to start their own business.
• In many cases, noncompetes are take-it-or-leave-it contracts that exploit workers’ lack of bargaining power and coerce workers into staying in jobs they would rather leave, or force workers to leave a profession or even relocate.
• By restricting workers from moving freely, noncompetes prevent workers from accepting higher-paying jobs.
• Noncompetes even reduce the wages of workers who aren’t subject to noncompetes. Noncompetes stifle new businesses and new ideas. 

Noncompetes restrict the freedom of American workers and suppress wages. 

• Noncompetes prevent workers from starting their own firms and block new businesses from hiring qualified workers. 
• Noncompetes restrict the flow of knowledge between firms, and studies have found that noncompetes reduce innovation. This affects not just workers but also consumers by depriving consumers of better products and lower prices that result from competition and innovation. 

Noncompetes are widespread throughout the U.S. economy. 

• Roughly one in five Americans, totaling nearly 30 million people, are subject to noncompetes. 
• The Commission received over 26,000 comments, with thousands of workers describing how noncompetes blocked them from taking a better job, negotiating better pay, or starting their own business. 
• The Commission also heard from entrepreneurs and small businesses who said noncompetes prevented them from starting new ventures or hiring knowledgeable workers to help grow their businesses. 
• Over 25,000 commenters supported a categorical ban on noncompetes. 

By banning noncompetes, the FTC estimates that: 

• New business formation will grow by 2.7%, creating over 8,500 new businesses each year. 
• American workers’ earnings will increase by $400-$488 billion over the next decade, with workers’ earnings rising an estimated $524 a year on average. 
• Health care costs will be reduced by $74-$194 billion over the next decade in reduced spending on physician services. 
• Innovation will increase, with an average estimated increase of 17,000-29,000 more patents each year over the next decade. 

The Many Stories of Palliative Care

One of the newest medical specialties around, palliative care may also be one of the least understood. It is not not synonymous with either end-of-life care or with hospice care, though it often plays an important role in each. It is also not only about pain control through medications alone. I think of it as a holistic approach to all dimensions of suffering -- pain control when and as needed, as well as psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual care. As this list suggests, good palliative care is a multi-disciplinary team approach to suffering. 

Herein the sermon endeth.

If your eyes started to glaze over while you read that first paragraph, you're likely to be in good company. Understanding what palliative care is about, what it can and cannot accomplish, like most things worth doing in life, is best understood through the stories of patients, various health care professionals, families, administrators, etc.

Fortunately there is a book that does just that, bringing to life the practice of palliative care and in doing so bringing us to a deeper understanding of what palliative care seeks to accomplish and how. I am thinking of The Pursuit of Life: The Promise and Challenges of Palliative Care, a collection of essays edited by my SMU colleague (in Perkins School of Theology) Jack Levison and my long-time collaborator and friend, Bob Fine. You can read about it on the BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care blog and if you are moved to do as I did, you can purchase a copy over at Amazon.

Spike in ER Refusals of Pregnancy-Related Emergency Care After Dobbs Decision

A story from the Associated Press (AP, 4/19/24) reports that "more than two dozen complaints about emergency pregnancy care were lodged in the months after the Dobbs decision was unveiled. It is not known how many complaints were filed last year as the [AP's FOIA] request only asked for 2022 complaints and the information is not publicly available otherwise."

Individual refusals are stunningly heartless:

One woman miscarried in the lobby restroom of a Texas emergency room as front desk staff refused to check her in. Another woman learned that her fetus had no heartbeat at a Florida hospital, the day after a security guard turned her away from the facility. And in North Carolina, a woman gave birth in a car after an emergency room couldn’t offer an ultrasound. The baby later died. . . .

Consider what happened to a woman who was nine months pregnant and having contractions when she arrived at the Falls Community Hospital in Marlin, Texas, in July 2022, a week after the Supreme Court’s ruling on abortion. The doctor on duty refused to see her.

“The physician came to the triage desk and told the patient that we did not have obstetric services or capabilities,” hospital staff told federal investigators during interviews, according to documents. “The nursing staff informed the physician that we could test her for the presence of amniotic fluid. However, the physician adamantly recommended the patient drive to a Waco hospital.”

Ethics. “It is shocking, it’s absolutely shocking,” said Amelia Huntsberger, an OB/GYN in Oregon. “It is appalling that someone would show up to an emergency room and not receive care -- this is inconceivable.” Why is this happening? 

Pregnant patients have “become radioactive to emergency departments” in states with extreme abortion restrictions, said Sara Rosenbaum, a George Washington University health law and policy professor.

“They are so scared of a pregnant patient, that the emergency medicine staff won’t even look. They just want these people gone,” Rosenbaum said. 

Law. Aren't the refusals of pregnancy-related emergency care illegal? Well, the federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Pregnancy Act requires Medicare-contracted hospitals to stabilize the emergency medical condition when a woman comes to the emergency department in labor. It's a Condition of Participation in the Medicare program. It shouldn't be complicated, but it is.

On Wednesday, April 24, the Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in the case of Moyle v. United States, No. 23-726, in which the issue is "[w]hether the Supreme Court should stay the order by the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho enjoining the enforcement of Idaho’s Defense of Life Act, which prohibits abortions unless necessary to save the life of the mother, on the ground that the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act preempts it." There are 45 amicus briefs in this case, an indication of the broad and strong interest in this case on both sides of the issue. (The district court's order in unpublished but can be found at pages 620-59 of Vol. 2 of the Joint Appendix filed in the Supreme Court matter.)

No, I am not "The Patient"

There's a good reflection piece posted (free) today on-line at JAMA: “The Patient” by Katie Thure. It starts:

Mrs T was a 58-year-old female admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory distress secondary to pneumonia. On her 10th day of hospitalization, she developed septic shock. Despite escalations in care, it became clear Mrs T would not survive. After a goals-of-care conversation with her husband, her 2 adult children, living outside of the state, were called to come to say their goodbyes. With both children at bedside, a woman wearing scrubs and a long white coat walked into the room and announced, “I’m Dr A, an ICU resident.” She explained the medical data and summarized to the family that “the patient has no chance of survival.” Although this statement was objectively correct, it failed to acknowledge that “the patient” was also a community advocate for equitable education, a wife of 40 years, a lover of mischief, and my mom. . . .

I was not surprised to hear about her poor prognosis. But I was surprised at Dr A’s choice to call my mom the patient. Is this how everyone is told their best friend was going to die? How could my mom be just the patient if her fingernails were still painted with Christmas trees and snowflakes?

There's more to savor and learn from this short essay. It's about the dehumanizing effect of the language of medical encounters. "Dr. Jones" becomes simply "the resident," and Dr. Smith is "the attending." "Mrs. Thure" is stripped of personhood and is "the patient." As the author writes: "When we choose not to use someone’s name, we are choosing to reduce them. We are indirectly saying, 'You are no more than the one-word descriptor I have given you.' The patient is not a human but just a pathology needing to be addressed." 

Ms. Thure (Class of 2024 in UCLA's medical school) doesn't oversimplify: 

Years later as a medical student, I was taught to think about patients both holistically and also to reduce them to a one-liner. There is clinical significance to having an accurate, concise depiction of a patient’s history and current medical needs. There is also equal clinical significance to remembering the person behind the one-liner.

What defines the distance between these two descriptions? Empathy. Or maybe simply circumstances:

Over the years, I have spent a fair amount of time trying to figure out how my mom became the patient. Maybe Dr A was at the end of a long and difficult shift, maybe that was not the first bad news she had delivered that evening, maybe she was never trained to be empathetic, maybe it is just the culture of medicine. Or maybe there was no reason at all.

Tomorrow is the last meeting of this semester's edition of "Law, Literature & Medicine." It's a seminar for 4th-year med students (UT-Southwestern) and 3rd-year law students (SMU/Dedman) that I have taught for decades, since 2017 with my valued friend and co-teacher, Dr. Reeni Abraham. I will propose that we email the class a PDF of Ms. Thure's essay and discuss whether it should be included in the first day's reading assignment when we offer the course again in 2025. The course is about the language we professionals use, identity (our patients' and clients' and our own), narratives, and empathy. And it's all here in this wonderful little essay.

Health Disparities: More Data from The Commonwealth Fund

Here is The Commonwealth Fund's introduction to the new report (released today):

Part of the Fund’s ongoing series examining state health system performance, Advancing Racial Equity in U.S. Health Care: The Commonwealth Fund 2024 State Health Disparities Report evaluates states on 25 measures of health care access, quality, service use, and health outcomes for Black, white, Hispanic, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), and Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) populations. 

Among the key findings:

The health care divide is especially stark when it comes to premature deaths: American Indian and Black people die from preventable and treatable causes at substantially higher rates than other groups.

Disparities exist even in states that are otherwise considered high performing on health care.

Health care experiences for people of color vary widely across states. For example, health systems in South Dakota, North Dakota, and Alaska perform worst for American Indian people, while North Carolina’s health system performs best.

Find out where your state ranks, and how we can achieve more equitable health care systems in each state. 

Sen. Ron Wyden (D. Ore.) Is Right About Shameless State AGs (including Ken Paxton)

From the Texas Freedom Network's Quote of the Day:

“It’s shameful that law-enforcement officials are choosing to persecute teens trying to live their lives, just to score points with far-right activists. . . ."

Senate Finance Committee Chair Ron Wyden of Oregon said, referring to the fact that four attorneys general in conservative states — including Ken Paxton — have abused their authority to investigate transgender patients and their health care.

Wyden's comments were part of a series of public statements around the release of a staff report from the Senate Finance Committee, which Wyden chairs. The report discusses concerns about the actions of four attornes general in the context of: 

• Impact on the exceptionally vulnerable LGBTQIA+ community
• Possible abuse of Medicaid program oversight powers
• Possible abuse of consumer protection, antitrust, and trafficking laws
• HIPAA

The report is a good summary that pulls together a number of shameless initiatives by these AGs.

HHS OCR to Teaching Hospitals & Medical Schools: Get Written Consent for Sensitive, Intimate Exams

In a letter sent out today, the Office of Civil Rights informed teaching hospitals and medical schools that it has prepared a clarification of HHS's Conditions of Participation. Here's the bottom line:

Recent articles in both the mainstream media as well as medical and scientific literature have brought public attention to the traditional practice of allowing practitioners or supervised medical, advanced practice provider, or other applicable students to perform pelvic and other invasive examinations on patients who are under anesthesia. With this attention, patient advocates, physicians, and the students themselves have expressed concern about whether patients, especially anesthetized patients, have been sufficiently informed about this practice and whether their full consent was obtained before these educational exams were performed. 

[My additional note: Anyone who has spent time with third- and fourth-year medical students is likely to have heard about unconsented-to pelvic exams performed on unconscious patients for training purposes.] 

While CMS recognizes that these patient exams are often conducted as part of the vital skills clinical students must obtain during their training and education, we also firmly believe that patients have the right to make informed decisions on the healthcare services they receive so that they can give their full consent for those services including any training- and education-related examinations that may be performed in addition to any treatments or procedure that they expect to receive, especially if those patients will be under anesthesia at the time.  

Therefore, we are revising our interpretive guidance in the State Operations Manual (SOM), Appendix A for hospitals at tag A-0955, to include under the example of a properly executed and well-designed informed consent form, as well as the hospital’s policy and process for informed consent, the following elements (in addition to those outlined above) [new guidance in italics]:  

• Whether physicians other than the operating practitioner, including, but not limited to, residents, medical, advanced practice provider (such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants), and other applicable students, will be performing important tasks related to the surgery, or examinations or invasive procedures for educational and training purposes, in accordance with the hospital’s policies. Important surgical tasks include: opening and closing, dissecting tissue, removing tissue, harvesting grafts, transplanting tissue, administering anesthesia, implanting devices, and placing invasive lines. Examinations or invasive procedures conducted for educational and training purposes include, but are not limited to, breast, pelvic, prostate, and rectal examinations, as well as others specified under state law. 

While CMS understands that the performance of such examinations has been necessary for teaching medical and other students critical clinical examination skills, we believe that patient permission for these exams is an essential part of the informed consent process for hospitals, and necessary for compliance with the informed consent requirements in the CMS hospital CoPs. [Footnotes omitted.]

Practice pointer: Tell the student/trainee about the informed-consent process that preceded the training session. I've been told by more than one attending physician that the patient's consent was obtained before the training session. If nothing is said to the student/trainee, they may conclude (erroneously) that the patient's consent wasn't obtained.

Happy Birthday, Obamacare

March 23 marked the 14th anniversary of the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, a/k/a "ACA" and "Obamacare"). and the 10th anniversary of its full implementation (minus occasional trimming by the Congress and the Supreme Court). As Paul Krugman observed today in his subscribers-only newsletter, the program has been a considerable success, defying the predictions and warnings of critics on the right and the left.

The ACA certainly enjoys substantial public support. Krugman points to a graphic from the Kaiser Family Foundation:

(click on image to enlarge)

The newsletter is worth reading, but "fair use" dictates that I share only a little of Krugman's take on the ACA's success:

In any case, Obamacare has worked. It didn’t provide universal coverage, but it did provide health insurance to millions of Americans, some of whom desperately needed that safety net — and it did so without breaking the bank. Predictions that the A.C.A. would be unworkable have been proved wrong. 

This paragraph ends with a warning:

At this point, the only serious threat the program faces — and it is a serious threat — is political: People who kept insisting, wrongly, that health reform would die of its own accord may simply step in to kill it.

Texas Medical Board Publishes Proposed Rules Re: Exceptions to Texas's Abortion Ban

It took a strongly worded "suggestion" from the Texas Supreme Court (in its "know-nothing" opinion in the Kate Cox case [HealthLawBlog 12/12/23], but the TMB has finally published a proposed rule that provides some detail about the medical exceptions to the state's ban on abortions.

• Notice and Statement of TMB Chair
• Proposed Rule Amendment
• Official Form for Submission of Public Comments (optional but preferred method)

Most of the proposed rule is a cut-and-paste job, providing definitions of key terms such as:

1. abortion (copied from the Abortion Facilities Licensing law)
2. ectopic pregnancy (same)
3. reasonable medical judgment (copied from one of statutory bans on abortion)
4. medical emergency (same)
5. major bodily function (Texas Labor Code)

For 1, 2, and 5, the proposed rule would make clear that these definitions in other Texas codes apply to the medical exceptions to the abortion bans, which is guidance of a sort.

The remainder of the proposed rule describes the documentation that must be completed if an abortion is going to be performed when one of the exceptions applies as well as "the procedures that the Board will utilize in the event a complaint is received."

$100 Million Medicare Fraud => 9-Year Sentence

Defendant Andrew Chmiel got a one-way ticket to federal prison for 9 years following his conviction for Medicare fraud, courtesy of the U.S. Attorney's office in the District of South Carolina. He was also ordered to pay $98,935,533.00 in restitution.

Touting this as one of the biggest Medicare fraud cases ever, the press release on this case described the essentials of the scheme (emphasis added): 

Chmiel’s charges were brought in 2019 as part of Operation Brace Yourself, an investigation that originated in South Carolina. Operation Brace Yourself, which was prosecuted in conjunction with the Department of Justice’s Criminal Division Fraud Section, was a multi-jurisdictional investigation that involved the execution of more than 80 search warrants in 17 federal districts.

As for Chmiel’s criminal conduct, evidence presented to the court showed that Chmiel controlled and operated at least 10 DME companies, which were located throughout the United States. These DME companies were used by Chmiel and his co-conspirators to submit false and fraudulent claims to Medicare for braces that were not medically necessary and/or were obtained through the payment of kickbacks and bribes. 

To effectuate the scheme, these DME companies entered into agreements with an offshore call center to purchase completed doctors’ orders so the DME companies could bill Medicare. This offshore call center was advertising through television and internet advertisements.  Once a Medicare beneficiary called a 1-800 number that was on the advertisements, that Medicare beneficiary would be screened for eligibility and then convinced that he or she needed a brace, and oftentimes upsold on other braces.  The call center would then contact a telemedicine company whose physician and/or or nurse practitioner would issue a prescription without regard to the medical necessity.  Throughout the investigation the evidence revealed that beneficiaries were prescribed braces without ever being examined by, seeing, or, in some instances, even speaking to a medical professional. Evidence presented showed that Chmiel was attempting to hide that he was purchasing completed doctors’ orders by creating fraudulent and false invoices for alleged marketing and business processing services.

Throughout the health care fraud scheme, Chmiel’s companies, which included 10 DME companies, two dropship companies, and two additional companies that were used to facilitate the fraud – D.O. Delivery and Pain Center – billed Medicare in excess of $200 million and Medicare paid Chmiel’s companies in excess of $95 million.

For the past two decades, durable medical equipment has been a fertile field for fraud and, correspondingly, for federal fraud prosecutions. The perpetrators of these schemes apparently fail to take into account the investigatory tools available to the Department of Justice and the fact that the government has computers that can crunch a lot of Medicare claims. $200 million worth of DME orders from 10 DME companies was bound to be picked up by some computer's filter or algorithm. 

Chevron Deference: Its Diminished Role (and Imminent Demise?)

The Chevron doctrine says that federal courts will defer to agency interpretations of federal statutes as long as the statute in question is either silent or ambiguous on the subject in question and as long as the agency interpretation is "reasonable." 

Note first the weasel words in my description of the Chevron doctrine:

• ambiguous: When is a statute ambiguous? Language is inherently ambiguous, and law schools train students to find ambiguity and exploit it for their clients whenever possible. Ambiguity is often in the eye of the beholder. Post-Chevron cases amply illustrate that the Supreme Court can split 5-4 over this very question.
• reasonable: The most overused word in the entire legal lexicon. What one judge regards as a reasonable interpretation may strike another judge as an outrageous overreach by the agency.

The result of the subjective nature of key terms in the Chevron doctrine has been controversy over the legitimacy of the doctrine itself. In fact, if memory serves, the very next agency case after the Court's decision in Chevron was decided without so much as a reference to Chevron. And since then, the Court has engrafted exceptions to the Chevron doctrine -- up to an including the Court's current fondness for striking down agency decisions by applying the Major Question Doctrine, itself a controversial development. ("What does "major" mean? Is it entirely in the eye of the beholder?)

A trusted source tells me the Court hasn't actually relied on Chevron in an agency case since 2014. That hasn't stopped conservative members of the Court who are unhappy about the "activist" policy choices of certain agencies' progressive agendas from expressing their disapproval of Chevron deference.

A number of cases are presently before the Court this term that may lead to a 6-3 or at least 5-4 disavowal of Chevron once and for all. One is Garland v. Cargill, No. 22-976, which raises the question whether a bump stock device is a “machinegun” as defined in 26 U.S.C. § 5845(b). The Justice Department says yes, and Michael Cargill argues that is wrong. Maybe the statute is unambiguous, in which case Chevron by its terms would not apply at all. The government, perhaps cannily, does not argue for Chevron deference in its principal brief on the merits and argues against Chevron deference in its reply brief (at p. 20):

4. Respondent next argues (Br. 48-50) that this Court does not owe deference to ATF’s interpretation under Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).  But as the government has explained (Br. 43), it does not seek any such deference here because ATF’s regulation is not a legislative rule carrying the force and effect of law; instead, it is simply an interpretive rule announcing ATF’s understanding of the statute.  That should be the end of the matter.  See HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Ass’n, 141 S. Ct. 2172, 2180 (2021) (“ ‘[T]he government is not invoking Chevron.’  * * *  We therefore decline to consider whether any deference might be due its regulation.”) (citation omitted).  

Probably the best cases for a showdown over Chevron's continued existence involve a regulation involving fisheries, as discussed in a free article in JAMA posted to its website today:

Two cases currently before the US Supreme Court, Loper Bright Enterprises v Raimondo and Relentless, Inc v Department of Commerce, could potentially lead to the end of Chevron. Six commercial fishing ventures have challenged a rule requiring that fishermen pay the cost of government-approved observers who guard against illegal overfishing. Although the lower courts in both cases upheld the regulation under Chevron, the fisheries contend that the rule and Chevron itself are threatening the way of life for small, family-owned businesses. Justice Gorsuch was receptive, expressing concern during oral arguments that Chevron places a thumb on the scale in favor of the government at the expense of “the immigrant, the veteran seeking his benefits, the Social Security Disability applicant, who have no power to influence Agencies.” Justice Kavanaugh, meanwhile, noted that the historic role of the judiciary has been “to police the line between the legislature and the executive to make sure that the executive is not operating as a king,” seemingly implying that Chevron places agencies in the position of royalty.

Why does JAMA care? Because of the critical role of the federal government, acting through agency rules and decisions, to protect the health of the public:

From health care to climate change, federal agencies were created to marshal the resources and power of the government to improve the lives of individuals in the US. A longstanding pillar supporting these agencies, a legal doctrine called Chevron deference, grants them flexibility in carrying out their mandates to maximize policy impact and keeps them nimble amid changing circumstances. Now, a majority of the US Supreme Court, led most vocally by Justices Thomas and Gorsuch, appears poised to overturn this bedrock principle. The loss of Chevron could exalt policy choices made by judges over the expertise-based decisions by executive agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).