Major-party presidential candidates on health reform

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

SCHIP

Here's a news post courtesy of FDLI's SmartBrief:

White House to face state SCHIP lawsuits -- New Jersey was the first of several states expected to file lawsuits against the Bush administration over rules set in August that limit state coverage of children's health insurance to exclude children in middle-income families. Arizona, California, Illinois, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York and Washington also say they plan to file or support lawsuits challenging the rules, claiming that the income limits set by the administration breach federal government authority on SCHIP and make it more difficult for them to provide coverage for children. "Our chief goal with SCHIP is to ensure that the poorest kids and those with no health insurance are placed at the front of the line," a CMS spokesman countered. Courier-Post (Camden-Cherry Hill, N.J.) (10/2), The Washington Post (10/2), Forbes/Associated Press (10/1).

Interesting development, this. This issue of whether higher eligibility cutoffs for SCHIP will put on the federal dole middle-class kids who would otherwise be covered by private insurance is at the heart of the White House's veto of the new SCHIP authorization bill (H.R. 976), too. Terence Hunt is reporting (AP/Washington Post) this afternoon that Pres. Bush has announced his intention to veto the SCHIP reauthorization bill on Wednesday, and that there will be no ceremony for the television cameras. Too bad: I was hoping to be able to post the YouTube video of the veto ceremony. Guess I'll have to go with something else . . . .

Sen. Susan Collins (R-Me.)

FDA's oversight of human-subject research: slim to none

That's the bottom line of a report from the Inspector General of DHHS, according to an article in the New York Times. The IG's report (pdf), and a news release (pdf) about its conclusions, were released today. In his typically media-friendly way, Art Caplan colorfully summarized the report's conclusions this way: "In many ways, rats and mice get greater protection as research subjects in the United States than do humans."

Health Lawyers Weekly, September 14

Crowell & Moring partner Art Lerner and counsel Michael Paddock have an analysis of the FTC's recent Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Corp. decision in this week's Health Lawyers Weekly from the AHLA. The decision, in which the Commission held that Evanston's acquisition of Highland Park Hospital violated Section 7 of the Clayton Act but declined to order divestiture, was a rare if not unprecedented response for the FTC.

Other items of note from this week's issue:

Top Stories

• CMS Denies New York’s Plan For Expanding SCHIP, Opposition To New Policy Mounts
• Aventis Pays Over $190 Million To Settle FCA Claims Alleging Fraudulent Drug Pricing And Marketing Practices

Current Topics include Antitrust, Business Transactions, Fraud and Abuse, Healthcare Access, Healthcare Spending, Hospitals and Health Systems, Insurance, Managed Care, Medical Malpractice, Medicare, Physicians, and Tax.

Vatican reaffirms stance on obligatory nature of ANH

"The administration of food and water even by artificial means is, in principle, an ordinary and proportionate means of preserving life. It is therefore obligatory to the extent to which, and for as long as, it is shown to accomplish its proper finality, which is the hydration and nourishment of the patient. In this way suffering and death by starvation and dehydration are prevented." And ANH is just as ordinary and proportionate, and therefore just as mandatory, when the patient is in a permanent vegetative state.

This is from the recently posted "Responses to Certain Questions of the United States Confernce of Catholic Bishops Concerning Artificial Nutrition and Hydration," issues by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and, as if it needed to be said, "The Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI, at the Audience granted to the undersigned Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, approved these Responses, adopted in the Ordinary Session of the Congregation, and ordered their publication." The English translation is here, and the official commentary is here.

The big questions now are what will be the effect of these statements on health care decisions by Catholics and on the policies of Catholic healthcare institutions.

Insuring the uninsured: the right thing to do, but what's in it for me?

Today's New York Times has an article on the new round of health-care reform proposals that are being advanced by various presidential candidates. On the dim prospects for any of the proposals to extend coverage to the uninsured and improve coverage for the underinsured, the article makes the following point:

In short, altruism has its limits, as does the public’s appetite for trade-offs in their own lives for the sake of the uninsured, said Bill McInturff, a Republican pollster who worked for the insurance industry in 1993 and 1994. “Never, in my years of work, have I found someone who said, ‘I will reduce the quality of the health care I get so that all Americans can get something,’ ” he said. “Every time the debate reaches that point, it collapses.”

This time, candidates are emphasizing the benefits for people who already have insurance — lower costs for coverage, new programs to improve the quality of health care. “Everyone has to feel, at the end of the day, that they will get something,” said one Clinton adviser.

By coincidence, the September/October issue of Health Affairs offers an answer:

Expanding coverage to the forty-seven million Americans who now lack health insurance could greatly improve care for people who already are protected. Economists Mark Pauly of Wharton and José Pagán of the University of Texas-Pan American found that insured adults who live in communities with high uninsurance rates are more likely to face problems with access to care and quality than those who live in communities where more people are covered.

The link to the abstract of the Pauly-Pagan article ("Spillovers And Vulnerability: The Case Of Community Uninsurance") is here.

Drake Law School looking for health law/insurance law teacher

Faculty opening at Drake:

DRAKE LAW SCHOOL seeks applications for a tenure-track position in the area of health law, insurance law and related fields commencing in the 2008-09 academic year. We are interested in both entry-level and experienced candidates with a J.D. degree and strong academic credentials who exhibit the ability to produce excellent scholarship and become outstanding teachers. Applicants who will contribute to the diversity of the faculty are particularly encouraged to apply. Drake University is an equal opportunity employer and actively seeks applicants who reflect the diversity of the nation. No applicant shall be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, national origin, creed, religion, age, disability, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation or veteran status.

Contact: Professor Cathy Lesser Mansfield, Chair, Faculty Recruitment Committee, Drake Law School, 2507 University Ave., Des Moines, IA 50311 or e-mail: cathy.mansfield@drake.edu.

Medicare beneficiaries lag in taking advantage of covered screenings and preventive care

From the Wall Street Journal (via AHLA's Health Law Daily [link should be good for about a week]):

CMS says Medicare is spending more on prevention efforts. The Wall Street Journal (8/26, McQueen) reported, "Medicare, the federal health-insurance program for older Americans, increasingly is paying for screening tests and immunizations that previously were not covered. But the vast majority of recipients are failing to take advantage, officials say." Less than 10 percent of Medicare recipients are "getting all the screenings and immunizations recommended by public health groups," according to the CMS. And, just over "a third of recipients didn't get a free flu shot in 2005, for example, even though elderly and immune-system-compromised patients are at high risk of death from the disease." In order to reverse this trend, "Medicare officials launched a bus tour of 48 states and more than 120 cities this summer, in conjunction with local officials, hospitals and elder-care groups. The tour is expected to wrap up this week." The Journal noted, "Until now, just five percent of Medicare spending has been for preventive services, officials say. But in recent years, as medical evidence has mounted about the cost-effectiveness of preventing diseases such as flu, diabetes and heart disease instead of treating them later, the U.S. has authorized more spending on screening tests and immunization."

This caught my eye for a couple of reasons. First, it is scandalous that Medicare beneficiaries aren't getting the preventive services they need to fend off really serious and expensive health problems. Of course, the reason might be that the elderly haven't gotten the word about changes in Medicare coverage for such items. But it might also be because of other impediments such as limited transportation, the extra burden from multiplying trips to providers of different kinds to get the screenings done, etc. But at least CMS is focusing on the easiest-to-solve part of the problem by trying to do a better job of getting the word out.

Second is the statement that "medical evidence has mounted about the cost-effectiveness of preventing diseases such as flu, diabetes and heart disease instead of treating them later." This is certainly conventional wisdom, and this argument has an undeniable, intuitive appeal. But is it true?

There is evidence to support the proposition, at least within a limited time frame and for certain medical conditions and certainly for the individual who, as a result of the screening or the flu shot, didn't get sick. For example, as the New York Times reported [TimesSelect article: no link available] on January 11, 2006, in an article about diabetes prevention:

Insurers, for example, will often refuse to pay $150 for a diabetic to see a podiatrist, who can help prevent foot ailments associated with the disease. Nearly all of them, though, cover amputations, which typically cost more than $30,000.

Patients have trouble securing a reimbursement for a $75 visit to the nutritionist who counsels them on controlling their diabetes. Insurers do not balk, however, at paying $315 for a single session of dialysis, which treats one of the disease's serious complications.

But what if avoiding the life-threatening acute medical condition simply permitted a large percentage of patients to survive for a life-time of care for their chronic conditions. Isn't it at least possible that the cost savings would eventually be exceeded by the costs associated with a longer life-time of care? That seems to have been the thrust of a March 16, 1997, article in the Times [also TimesSelect (no link)]:

While studies have shown that preventive care is generally good for your health, they have also shown that it often does not save money.

The central problem is that the early detection of many diseases, like high cholesterol and H.I.V. infection, is often followed by a lifetime of costly treatments and drugs. Expensive hospitalizations may only be forestalled. So in many cases, total medical costs actually rise.

''An awful lot of preventive care has no payoff economically -- it actually costs money,'' said Uwe Reinhardt, a health economist at Princeton University. ''If the [managed care] plans are doing it, they're doing it because they think it gives them a good image. A lot of this stuff is overhyped.''

That's the message, again, from the recent essay by David Leonhardt, "Free Lunch on Health? Think Again" (NY Times, Aug. 6, 2007; TimesSelect [no link]). Leonhardt notes that Rudy Giuliani and the three leading Democratic presidential candidates (Clinton, Edwards, Obama) are all promoting the idea that

[b]y practicing preventive medicine, doctors can keep many people from getting sick in the first place. Those who do end up with a chronic illness will be closely tracked so that fewer of them develop complications. These steps will result in less illness, which in turn will require less health care. With the savings, the country can then lower its medical bills or provide health insurance for the 40-odd million people who lack it -- or maybe even both.

As Hillary Clinton recently told The Atlantic, it's possible to ''save money
and improve quality and cover everybody.''

The hitch, according to Leonhardt, is that

[n]o one really knows whether preventive medicine will save money in the long run, let alone free up the billions of dollars a year needed to help pay for universal health insurance. In fact, studies have shown that preventive care -- be it cancer screening, smoking cessation or plain old checkups -- usually ends up costing money. It makes people healthier, but it's not free.

''It's a nice thing to think, and it seems like it should be true, but I don't know of any evidence that preventive care actually saves money,'' said Jonathan Gruber, an M.I.T. economist who helped design the universal-coverage plan in Massachusetts.

This is a tough idea to swallow because better health really does seem as if it should lead to lower medical bills. Indeed, if it were somehow possible to wave a wand and turn people into thin nonsmokers who remembered to take their statins, this country's health care expenses would fall.

But any effort to promote health has its own costs. Doctors and nurses need to spend time with patients to persuade them to change their behavior. (Ever tried to get someone to stop smoking or drinking?) For a new program to work, it has to reach people who are not being helped by whatever exists now -- and who thus will be among the most difficult and expensive patients to treat. The program would also have to treat a whole lot of people who never would have gotten sick.

Jay Bhattacharya, a doctor and economist at Stanford's School of Medicine, estimates that to prevent one new case of diabetes, an antiobesity program must treat five people -- ''not cheaply,'' he says. Along the same lines, Mr. Gruber found that when retirees in California began visiting their doctor less often and filling fewer prescriptions, overall medical spending fell. People did get sick more often, but treating their illnesses was still less costly than widespread basic care -- in the form of doctors visits and drugs. Louise Russell, an economist at Rutgers, points out that programs that focus on at-risk patients cost the least, but even they are rarely free.

As Dr. Mark R. Chassin, a former New York state health commissioner, says, preventive care ''reduces costs, yes, for the individual who didn't get sick.''

"But that savings is overwhelmed by the cost of continuously treating everybody else.''

The actual savings are also not as large as might at first seem. Even if you don't develop diabetes, your lifetime medical costs won't drop to zero. You might live longer and better and yet still ultimately run up almost as big a lifetime medical bill, because you'll eventually have other problems. That would be an undeniably better outcome, but it wouldn't produce a financial windfall for society.

Certainly, there are examples of preventive care that can save money. As Mrs. Clinton has noted, Safeway and a handful of other companies have held down health costs by emphasizing prevention. (This, of course, is only over the short term.) Perhaps the best examples fall under the category of what Dr. Brent C. James calls 'do it right the first time.''

Dr. James is an executive at Intermountain Healthcare, a network of hospitals in Utah and Idaho that has saved money in recent years by reducing hospital infections and drug errors. Intermountain hospitals have also largely stopped inducing child labor for the sake of doctors' or parents' convenience. The hospital induces birth only for medical reasons -- and the number of babies that spend time in the neonatal intensive care unit has fallen.

It's this last example that holds the real key to cutting medical costs. I realize many
people will react to the notion that preventive care usually costs money by saying, ''So what? We should do it anyway.'' And we should.

But by describing it as an easy win-win solution, the presidential candidates are gliding over an important part of the issue. Preventive care saves real money only when it replaces existing care that is expensive and doesn't do much, if any, good. There are plenty of examples of such care -- from induced labor to many lumbar surgeries and cardiac stent procedures.

The problem is that the people getting this care typically don't consider it wasteful. We all like to believe that other people are the ones getting the unnecessary care. We, on the other hand, are probably not getting enough treatment.

Persuading people otherwise -- persuading them that basic care is sometimes cheaper and better -- will be difficult. Sometimes insurance plans will simply have to say no to questionable care, over the opposition of doctors' groups with a financial interest in the status quo. But it's the only way to ''save money and improve quality and cover everybody,'' as Mrs. Clinton says.

This is one of the best articles I've seen in the popular press that explores some of the variables in the "pay for increased coverage by increasing cost-effective primary and preventive care" argument. The problem is -- should we be surprised? -- much subtler and more difficult than our political candidates are making it sound.

Tax-exempt hospitals and "community benefit"

This is a bit tardy but well worth noting here and reading the underlying documents as time permits. In July the IRS issued an interim report on community benefit in the hospital industry (news release), based upon responses to its 2006 questionnaire to 500 hospitals. The Service's main finding: "The report contains preliminary findings on how hospitals, one of the largest components of the tax-exempt sector, responded to questions about how they provide community benefit and meet required standards. The IRS continues to analyze the data and work continues on assessing executive compensation paid by non-profit hospitals." As noted by Leigh Griffith, Don Stuart, and Terri Cammarano, (of Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis, LLP, Nashville, TN) in an email alert to members of the AHLA Tax and Finance Practice Group, the IRS interim report came out "shortly after the Minority Staff of the Senate Finance Committee released its discussion paper on its concerns with nonprofit hospitals." The Minority Staff discussion paper is here.

Health Lawyers Weekly, August 10

The AHLA's Health Lawyers Weekly features two articles by lawyers from Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman, P.S.C., on the IRS' publication in the July 26 Federal Register of its final rule for 403(b) plans (a/k/a tax-deferred annuity plans) and DOL's simultaneous publication of Field Assistance Bulletin 2007-02 containing guidance on how 403(b) plans can avoid compliance with ERISA.

This week's issue also has a good piece on the DC Circuit's en banc decision in the Abigail Alliance case (previously discussed here).

Top Stories

• D.C. Circuit Says Terminally Ill Do Not Have Constitutional Right To Experimental Drugs
  Terminally ill patients do not have a constitutionally protected right to assume the risk of taking experimental drugs that have passed early safety trials but have not yet been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe and effective, the D.C. Circuit held August 7 in an 8-2 ruling. Full Story
• FTC Rules Evanston-Highland Merger Anticompetitive But Declines To Order Divestiture
  In a unanimous ruling released August 6, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) found the 2000 merger of Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Corp. (ENH) and Highland Park Hospital violated federal antitrust laws. But significantly, the Commission’s ruling, written by Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras, does not require ENH to divest its Highland Park acquisition as ordered by an agency Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) in 2005. Full Story

Articles & Analyses

• IRS Finalizes 403(b) Regulations, By Jay P. Turner, Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman, P.S.C.
• Labor Department Clarifies Application Of ERISA To 403(b) Plans, By William D. Roberts, Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman, P.S.C.

Current Topics

• Arbitration/Mediation
  Mississippi High Court Finds Family Of Deceased Nursing Home Resident Not Bound By Arbitration Provision Signed By Relative
• Criminal Law
  Tenth Circuit Affirms Prison Sentence For Physician Who Committed Healthcare Fraud
• Food and Drug Law
  1. Federal Circuit Finds Federal Patent Law Preempts D.C. Law Regulating Drug Pricing
  2. Dingell Introduces Bill Imposing User Fees On Food And Drug Imports
  3. Lawmakers Pledge Work On FDA User Fee Reauthorization Legislation Will Continue In August
  4. Grassley Questions FDA About Oversight Of Drugs Manufactured Abroad
• Fraud and Abuse
  1. Seventh Circuit Upholds Dismissal Of FCA Qui Tam Action Against Caremark Rx For Failure To Plead With Particularity
  2. Update
  3. OIG Approves Nevada, New York False Claims Acts
• Health Information
  Technology
  DHHS Releases White Paper On Creating Public-Private AHIC Successor
• Healthcare Access
  Report Recommends Policy Changes To Further Expand Health Insurance Coverage To Young Adults
• Insurance
  Regence Blue Shield Settles Lawsuit Over High Performance Network
• Long Term Care
  Equitable Abstention Doctrine Supports Dismissal Of Consumer Lawsuit Against Healthcare Facilities For Alleged Violations Of Minimum Nurse Staffing Law
• Managed Care
  New York Governor Spitzer Signs Managed Care Reform Law
• Medicaid
  Eighth Circuit Upholds Denial Of State Request For Increase In Medicaid Payments
  OIG Says New York Paid Over $17 Million In Improper SCHIP Payments
• Medicare
  1. Baucus, Grassley Introduce Bill Revamping QIO Program
  2. U.S. Court In District Of Columbia Finds Pharmacy Associations Lacked Standing To Bring Lawsuit On Behalf Of Its Member Pharmacies
• Physicians
  New York Appeals Court Upholds Physician’s License Suspension Following Conviction For Violating Anti-Kickback Statute
• PRRB
  CMS Administrator Update
• Tax
  Wisconsin High Court Finds Nonprofit Medical Center Not Entitled To Property Tax Exemption On Its Day Care Facility

© 2007 AHLA. Reprinted with permission.

NY Times editorial on why the U.S. doesn't have the world's best health system

The Times' editorial looks at the Commonwealth Fund's recent international report card that compared the U.S. with Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the U.K. In the words of the Commonwealth Fund:

the U.S. health care system ranks last or next-to-last on five dimensions of a high performance health system: quality, access, efficiency, equity, and healthy lives. The U.S. is the only country in the study without universal health insurance coverage, partly accounting for its poor performance on access, equity, and health outcomes. The inclusion of physician survey data also shows the U.S. lagging in adoption of information technology and use of nurses to improve care coordination for the chronically ill.

Bottom line for the New York Times editorialist:

With health care emerging as a major issue in the presidential campaign and in Congress, it will be important to get beyond empty boasts that this country has “the best health care system in the world” and turn instead to fixing its very real defects. The main goal should be to reduce the huge number of uninsured, who are a major reason for our poor standing globally. But there is also plenty of room to improve our coordination of care, our use of computerized records, communications between doctors and patients, and dozens of other factors that impair the quality of care. The world’s most powerful economy should be able to provide a health care system that really is the best.

The Commonwealth Fund's report card on U.S. states (previously mentioned here) is also worth a close look.

DC Circuit (en banc) reverses panel decision in Abigail Alliance case

The much-anticipated en banc decision of the D.C. Circuit came down today. The court ruled, 8-2, that dying patients do not have a fundamental right of access to drugs that have either just completed Phase I testing or are in Phase II. The big surprise to me was that no-one on the court joined the two judges -- Chief Judge Ginsburg and Judge Rogers -- who comprised the majority in the original panel. The idea of a new fundamental right seemed far-fetched and unlikely to go anywhere, but not one of the other eight judges on the court saw the issue the same way as the dissenters? This will be a good case for my fall Health Law class -- useful overview of the drug-approval process, good discussion of fundamental-rights law, and an example (if they didn't get this in Con Law II) of how the framing of the claimed right (narrow and specific vs. broad and general) will usually dictate the outcome of the case.

Next stop: Supreme Court. What are the chances four justices will vote to grant cert.? I'll venture a guess: 5% (never say never, but this case comes very close to a zero-percenter).

• AP story
• today's en banc ruling (including Judge Rogers' dissent)
• original 3-judge panel ruling
• Lyle Denniston's same-day analysis at SCOTUSBlog

Security issues for hospitals

Scary words: "Hospital = Target"

In this week's Health Lawyers Weekly, Mark Rogers analyzes hospital-security issues in a post-9/11 world. The risk is anything but speculative, as this list demonstrates:

Several incidents since the attacks of 9/11 have highlighted this risk. Consider
the following:

• November 2002: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) issued an alert to hospitals in San Francisco, Houston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., warning of a vague, uncorroborated terrorist threat.


• August 2004: The FBI and U.S Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued a nationwide terrorism bulletin that al-Qaeda may attempt to attack Veterans Affairs Hospitals as an alternative to more heavily guarded U.S. military institutions. The bulletin indicated that there had been persistent reports of suspicious activity at medical facilities throughout the United States.


• November 2005: Police in London, England arrest two suspected terrorists accused of plotting a bomb attack. One of the suspected terrorists was found to have a piece of paper with the words in Arabic, “Hospital = Target.”


• April 2005: FBI and DHS investigated incidents of imposters posing as hospital accreditation surveyors. The Joint Commission sent security alerts to the 5,000 medical institutions it accredits and warned them to be on the lookout for suspicious activity.


• July 2007: Eight individuals, all of them either physicians or other medical professionals associated with Britain’s National Health Service, were taken into custody in relation to attempted car-bomb attacks in London and a car-bomb attack at Glasgow Airport in Scotland. The FBI reported that two of the suspects contacted the Philadelphia-based Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates to inquire about working in the United States as physicians.

Worth reading (as is the rest of this news-filled issue) . . . .

Washington pharmacists sue to block "morning after pill" law

From AHLA's Health and Life Sciences Law Daily:

Washington pharmacists sue state over requirement of morning-after pill. The AP (7/28) reported, "Pharmacists have sued Washington state over a new regulation that requires them to sell emergency contraception, also known as the 'morning-after pill.' In a lawsuit filed in federal court Wednesday, a pharmacy owner and two pharmacists say the rule that took effect Thursday violates their civil rights by forcing them into choosing between 'their livelihoods and their deeply held religious and moral beliefs.'" The state of Washington "ruled earlier this year that druggists who believe emergency contraceptives are tantamount to abortion cannot stand in the way of a patient's right to the drugs." However, the "state's Roman Catholic bishops and other opponents predicted a court challenge after the rule was adopted, saying the state was wrongly forcing pharmacists to administer medical treatments they consider immoral."

Transplant surgeon charged in patient death

In what is reported to be the first ever such prosecution, a California transplant surgeon has been charged with prescribing excessive doses of morphine and Ativan to hasten the death of a disabled patient in order to harvest organs for transplant. The story is here (AP/Washington Post). I suppose the fact that this sort of case has never been brought before won't stop it from being hyped in the media. It certainly plays to the conspiracy fantasists' view of the transplantation world, despite the fact that many states' laws and all transplantation centers' policies call for a strict separation of the treatment and transplantation teams, precisely to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest.

Medical tourism: Mexico for cost, quality, access

Today's Dallas Morning News has an article about the great medical care available south of the border for a fraction of the cost of comparable care here in Texas and without the delays and hassles. This is just the latest wrinkle in the unfolding story of medical tourism, which has already established India, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand as "go to" destinations for patients seeking high-quality, low-cost medical care.

My new colleague, Nathan Cortez, has an excellent piece on this phenomenon coming out soon in the Indiana Law Journal: "Patients without Borders: The Emerging Global Market for Patients and the Evolution of Modern Health Care." Here's the SSRN abstract:

This article addresses the unique legal, policy, and ethical questions that arise when patients travel to foreign jurisdictions for medical care. A growing number of patients are leaving the United States, and employers, insurers, and even government payors are beginning to explore whether they can reduce spending by utilizing hospitals and physicians in developing countries. Because this is a dramatic leap, it has generated countless media stories, and has drawn attention from the WHO, WTO, World Bank, and U.S. Senate - many of which believe so-called medical tourism may transform health care here and abroad.

Despite this attention, the market is developing independently of lawmakers and regulators. This is troubling because patients are effectively waiving their rights and benefits in the U.S. to seek medical care in countries that may not grant them remotely similar protections.

This article assesses the risk-benefit calculus for patients and payors entering the global patient market by examining how the market may affect health care costs, quality, and access - the three canonical themes of health care. Using this framework, I consider several policy responses, such as regulating patient travel, regulating referral networks, and regulating employers and insurers. Relying on previous regulatory efforts in analogous areas, I criticize some responses as either impractical or foreclosed by current constitutional doctrine governing the rights to travel and free speech. Instead, I propose that we build on existing consumer protection laws, expand licensing regimes, and recalibrate existing schemes that may unfairly allocate the risks and benefits. I also analyze the feasibility of public and quasi-public multilateral responses.

The underlying goal of this article is to examine how globalization is fundamentally changing health care. Medical tourism is both a symptom and a solution to what ails the U.S. health care system, and the issues it presents may portend future challenges.

States get health care report card from Commonwealth Fund

There's a good article in the current Modern Healthcare (may require paid subscription) about the recent state-by-state analyses of cost, quality, and access from the Commonwealth Fund and (looking at quality alone) AHRQ. The Commonwealth Fund web site has a fabulous interactive map and lots of features as well as downloadable report, executive summary, PowerPoint chartpack, and data tables. AHRQ's site updates its annual State Snapshots data, based on 129 quality measures drawn from 30 sources (news release; States Snapshot site (including massive spreadsheet)).

Here are a few tidbits from the MH article:

• there are wide variations among states in the five dimensions;
• higher quality does not translate into higher costs;
• even in the “best” states, performance does not meet optimal standards;
• From the report: “If all states could approach the low levels of mortality from conditions amenable to care achieved by the top state, nearly 90,000 fewer deaths before the age of 75 would occur annually,” it said.
• Similarly, if all states reached the low levels of potentially preventable admissions and readmissions, hospitalizations could be reduced by 30% to 47% and save Medicare $2 billion to $5 billion each year.

I am not quite sure exactly how this is going to work, but I am considering using the Commonwealth Fund site for the first-day reading assignment in Health Law this fall, with period visits back to the site as we make our way through the themes of cost, quality, and access in the course.

AMA urged to oppose retail health clinics

According to a story in today's Chicago Tribune, "several doctors groups" are urging the AMA to oppose the propagation of health clinics in retail outlets such as Wal-Mart and Walgreen. An AMA committee took testimony on Sunday and will be weighing its options for a recommendation to the full House of Delegates, which is in Chicago for its annual meeting, over the next two days. The groups are in effect asking the AMA to take its traditional role of protecting the physicians' franchise from competition under the guise of promoting quality care. What is less clear is whether reduced costs and greater access to trained nurse practitioners and physicians assistants is harmful to the health of patients who may not have a lot of other options available to them for nonemergent care. This is a story that isn't going away anytime soon . . . .

Health Lawyers News, June 22

From the folks at American Health Lawyers Association comes this week's issue of Health Lawyers News:

Top Stories

• OIG Finds Sale Of Part Of Physician-Owned ASC To Hospital Could Trigger Sanctions. The sale of part of an ambulatory surgery center (ASC) to a nonprofit hospital could potentially generate prohibited remuneration under the Anti-Kickback Statute and could lead to the imposition of administrative sanctions, according to Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) Advisory Opinion No. 07-05 posted June 19. Full Story


• President Bush Vetoes Stem Cell Bill, Calls For Expanding Alternative Research. President Bush vetoed June 20 a bill (S. 5) aimed at expanding research opportunities on embryonic stem cells. The measure cleared by a vote of 247-176 in the House and 63-34 in the Senate, short of the two-thirds majorities needed to override the veto. Full Story

Articles & Analyses

• Impact Of IRS’s Draft Redesigned Form 990 On Tax-Exempt Healthcare Organizations, By James R. King and Gerald M. Griffith, Jones Day


• Physician Quality Reporting Initiative Begins July 1, 2007, By Timothy J. Cahill, Porter Wright Morris & Arthur, LLP

Current Topics

• Antitrust
  1. DOJ Reaches Settlement With Federation Of Physicians And Dentists Resolving Allegations Of Antitrust Violations
  2. Illinois AG Alleges Clinics Conspired To Turn Away Medicaid Patients In Effort To Increase Reimbursement Rates


• Criminal Law
  Sixth Circuit Upholds Medicare Fraud Convictions, But Remands For Evidentiary Hearing On Documents Withheld By Government


• ERISA
  U.S. Court In Texas Remands Hospital's Action Against Managed Care Firm To State Tribunal, Finding ERISA Did Not Completely Preempt Claims


• Food and Drug Law
  1. U.S. Court In New York Upholds Plavix Patent, Enjoins Marketing Of Generic
  2. U.S. Court In Minnesota Allows Product Liability Claims Against ICD Device Manufacturer To Proceed To Trial


• Fraud and Abuse
  1. Update
  2. D.C. Circuit Finds Renal Physicians Association Lacks Standing To Bring Lawsuit Challenging Stark Safe Harbor Rule
  3. OIG Withdraws Proposed Rule On Exclusion Authority For Entities Submitting Claims Containing Excessive Charges
  4. OIG Approves Texas’ False Claims Act


• Healthcare Access
  Study Finds 689,000 Low-Income Children Eligible For SCHIP, DHHS Says


• Healthcare Spending
  Senate Budget Panel Considers Options For Controlling Healthcare Costs


• Hospitals and Health Systems
  1. Grassley Urges CMS To Collect Better Data From Hospitals On Uncompensated Care
  2. Baucus Questions CMS About Standards Of Safety And Care At California Hospital


• Insurance
  Connecticut Appeals Court Finds Liability Insurer Obligated To Cover Claim Made During Required Extension Period


• Medicaid
  CMS Releases Timeline For Implementing New AMP-Based FULs For Medicaid Prescription Drug Reimbursements


• Medical Malpractice
  Florida Appeals Court Finds Expert Opinion That Surgery Unnecessary Was Sufficient To Create Triable Issue


• Medicare
  1. Health Insurers Agree To Suspend Marketing Of Medicare PFFS Plans
  2. MedPAC Recommends Ways To Improve Efficiency In Medicare
  3. U.S. Court In New Jersey Refuses To Reconsider Its Previous Decision Affirming Finding That Provider Was Overpaid By Medicare
  4. Baucus, Grassley Oppose Speculative Cuts In Proposed Medicare Payment Rule
  5. Medicare To Expand Testing Of Personal Health Records Tools
  6. OIG Finds Medicare Beneficiaries Have Broad Access To Retail Pharmacies That Participate In Medicare Part D Program
  7. CMS Extends Timeline For Publication Of Provider Appeals Rule
  Study Examines Impact Of Medicare Part D On Nursing Homes And LTCPs


• News in Brief
  1. CHA Releases Draft "Vision" For Healthcare Reform
  2. CMS Enhances Hospital Compare Website

Table of Contents © AHLA, 2007. Reprinted by permission.

Bush vetoes stem-cell-funding bill

As promised, the President dropped S. 5 into the trash today.

• S. 5, the “Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2007"


• President's veto message


• President's comments about his veto

As predicted, Bush made adult-stem-cell research the linchpin of his argument.

Amazing. Or not.

New Orleans grand jury moving in on Memorial Medical Center doctor

Disturbing news from CNN out of New Orleans:

(CNN) -- Two nurses accused in the post-Katrina deaths of four patients at New Orleans' Memorial Medical Center have been offered immunity to testify before a special grand jury, sources close to the investigation tell CNN.

Sources also told CNN the grand jury has been told as many as nine patients may have died after being administered what Louisiana's attorney general called a "lethal cocktail" of medications by hospital staff.

Family members said staffers used the drugs to kill patients so caregivers could flee appalling conditions inside the hospital after the storm.

Dr. Anna Pou and nurses Cheri Landry and Lori Budo were arrested in July 2006 after a 10-month investigation. Louisiana Attorney General Charles C. Foti charged them with second-degree murder.

Sources close to the investigation told CNN the two nurses are expected to testify before the grand jury in the next two weeks, which could signal a possible wrapping up of the case. It could also signal the main target of the investigation is Pou, a physician who was under contract with Memorial Medical Center when Katrina struck.

It's extremely important not to rush to judgment in this case. The report says "Family members said," and we don't know what the nurses are going to say when they testify. The offer of immunity is no doubt a worrisome turn of events for Dr. Pou, because the offer wouldn't have been made unless the DA thought they had something to give in exchange. But the last I heard (in her interview on "60 Minutes"), Dr. Pou persuasively denied that she killed patients at Memorial during Katrina. (Thanks to Dr. Mo Bernstein at USC for alerting me to this story.)

Happy Father's Day

Pain treatment and the fine line between therapy and felony

In this morning's NY Times Magazine:

When Is a Pain Doctor a Drug Pusher?
By TINA ROSENBERG
Published: June 17, 2007
Those treating pain make subjective choices about dosage. When a doctor gets it wrong, is it a mistake or a felony?

For a variety of reasons, and for a variety of patients (not only patients who have chronic and severe pain) and their doctors, the article includes some important facts, e.g.:

[F]or many people in severe chronic pain, an opioid (an opiumlike compound) like OxyContin, Dilaudid, Vicodin, Percocet, oxycodone, methadone or morphine is the only thing that allows them to get out of bed. Yet most doctors prescribe opioids conservatively, and many patients and their families are just as cautious as their doctors. Men, especially, will simply tough it out, reasoning that pain is better than addiction.

It’s a false choice. Virtually everyone who takes opioids will become physically dependent on them, which means that withdrawal symptoms like nausea and sweats can occur if usage ends abruptly. But tapering off gradually allows most people to avoid those symptoms, and physical dependence is not the same thing as addiction. Addiction — which is defined by cravings, loss of control and a psychological compulsion to take a drug even when it is harmful — occurs in patients with a predisposition (biological or otherwise) to become addicted. At the very least, these include just below 10 percent of Americans, the number estimated by the United States Department of Health and Human Services to have active substance-abuse problems. Even a predisposition to addiction, however, doesn’t mean a patient will become addicted to opioids. Vast numbers do not. Pain patients without prior abuse problems most likely run little risk. “Someone who has never abused alcohol or other drugs would be extremely unlikely to become addicted to opioid pain medicines, particularly if he or she is older,” says Russell K. Portenoy, chairman of pain medicine and palliative care at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York and a leading authority on the treatment of pain.

The other popular misconception is that a high dose of opioids is always a dangerous dose. Even many doctors assume it; but they are nonetheless incorrect. It is true that high doses can cause respiratory failure in people who are not already taking the drugs. But that same high dose will not cause respiratory failure in someone whose drug levels have been increased gradually over time, a process called titration. For individuals who are properly titrated and monitored, there is no ceiling on opioid dosage. In this sense, high-dose prescription opioids can be safer than taking high doses of aspirin, Tylenol or Advil, which cause organ damage in high doses, regardless of how those doses are administered. (Every year, an estimated 5,000 to 6,000 Americans die from gastrointestinal bleeding associated with drugs like ibuprofen or aspirin, according to a paper published in The American Journal of Gastroenterology.)

It's a well-balanced article that discusses all the reasons why 50% of patients who experience serious chronic pain remain undermedicated: poor medical school training, physicians who are as uninformed as the general public, well-intentioned but counter-productive laws such as Washington's, medical licensing boards that don't understand that high-dose opioids do not equal abuse or malpractice, and fear of criminal prosecution.

Ellen Goodman on stem cells

Ellen Goodman's column on the stem-cell breakthrough (a "breakthrough" if you're a mouse anyway) today in the Boston Globe hit just the right notes:

• Congress' bill to increase federal funding for stem-cell research (S. 5) is heading to the President, who -- if he keeps his promise, and who thinks he won't? -- veto the bill in order to protect the embryos that would otherwise be destroyed for their stem cells. The research report on reprogramming mouse skin cells to act like pluripotent stem cells, writes Goodman, will surely be a part of the president's spin ("see, told you so, we don't actually need to use human embryos").


• That's possibly good politics (unless everyone sees through it) but bad science. First, we don't know how to do this in humans, or even whether we can do this in humans. "Second, this breakthrough actually began with scientists studying the genes in mice embryos. Anybody who wants to repeat the work in humans will have to use human embryos to learn the same mechanics."

So this well-timed announcement about the switchability of skin cells in mice shouldn't for a minute provide cover for a presidential veto of this bill.

In health care, high cost not necessarily the same as high quality

Just an excellent article in today's NY Times about a study that shows significant disparities between health care charges and health care quality. This is a must read for teachers of health care law survey courses. Here's a bit from the early paragraphs:

Stark evidence that high medical payments do not necessarily buy high-quality patient care is presented in a hospital study set for release today.

In a Pennsylvania government survey of the state’s 60 hospitals that perform heart bypass surgery, the best-paid hospital received nearly $100,000, on average, for the operation while the least-paid got less than $20,000. At both, patients had comparable lengths of stay and death rates.

And among the 20 hospitals serving metropolitan Philadelphia, two of the highest paid actually had higher-than-expected death rates, the survey found.

Hospitals say there are numerous reasons for some of the high payments, including the fact that a single very expensive case can push up the averages.

Still, the Pennsylvania findings support a growing national consensus that as consumers, insurers and employers pay more for care, they are not necessarily getting better care.

Expensive medicine may, in fact, be poor medicine.

“For most consumers, the fact that there is no connection between quality and cost is one of the dirty secrets of medicine,” said Peter V. Lee, the chief executive of the Pacific Business Group on Health, a California group of employers that provide health care coverage for workers.

Some Pennsylvania employers said the state’s findings, based on data from 2005, might put more pressure on insurance carriers and hospitals to start demonstrating the value of care. “It now provides us a tool to have a serious dialogue with our carriers,” said Mark Dever, a benefits consultant for Duquesne Light, a regional utility in Pittsburgh.

“We have to question,” he said. “There’s a big difference in price — why?”

The report by the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council, a state agency, provides a rare public glimpse of detailed information about hospital payments and patient outcomes. And the seemingly random nature of the payments is striking.

Although federal Medicare payments are largely fixed, they varied somewhat among the Pennsylvania hospitals surveyed. The far greater disparity involved commercial insurers, which must negotiate their rates hospital by hospital.

And the survey found that good care can go unrewarded. One Philadelphia area hospital, Main Line Health’s Lankenau center, which performs a large number of bypass surgeries and has a high success rate, according to the survey, was paid an average of $33,549 by private insurers. That was less than half the nearly
$80,000 in average payments received by the other hospitals, with poorer track records.

“It doesn’t make sense,” said Marc P. Volavka, the executive director of the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council. “Certain payers are paying an awful lot for poor quality.”

He points to some of the experiments to change how hospitals are paid, like Geisinger Health System in central Pennsylvania, which is trying to demonstrate its commitment to high-quality care by offering a 30-day warranty on its cardiac surgery.

“The current reimbursement paradigm is fundamentally broken,” said Dr. Ronald Paulus, an executive with Geisinger, who says there is no current financial incentive
for a hospital to provide the kind of care that leads to better outcomes and lower payments.

What's up when the rich and well-insured can't get standard-of-care? You could teach an entire health law course on the basis of this one article, if you wanted to explore the in's and out's of this article.

The study is here and the press release about the study is here.

SCOTUS: Home health workers not entitled to overtime pay

The Supreme Court has held that home healthcare workers are not entitled to overtime pay (Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke).

Here's AHLA's excellent media review of the Court's decision:

• In a unanimous decision in Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke (pdf), the Supreme Court found that home healthcare workers employed by a private company or employer are not covered by laws on overtime pay or the minimum wage because they are "companion workers." ABC World News (6/11, story 9, 0:20, Gibson) noted that the decision "has implications for the nation's one million home healthcare workers and the people for whom they care."


• The Washington Post (6/12, D2, Barnes) reports that yesterday the Supreme Court ruled "that workers in the fast-growing home-care industry are not entitled to overtime pay." The court's decision upheld "a 1975 Labor Department regulation," which exempts "workers paid by third parties from minimum-wage and maximum-hour rules." The high court said the regulation "was a valid exercise of the power given to the agency by Congress."


• The Chicago Tribune (6/12, Rose) adds, "The decision came in a test case by Evelyn Coke, a 73-year-old Jamaican immigrant who, with union backing, sued a Long Island, N.Y.-based home-care agency."


• The AP (6/12) writes, "Lawyers for Coke challenged the Labor Department regulation, and the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York City ruled in the workers' favor," saying "it was 'implausible' that Congress would have wanted the Labor Department to wipe out protection for an entire category of workers."


• The Los Angeles Times (6/12, Savage) reports, "With an estimated 1 million workers now assisting the elderly and the injured in their homes, unions and civil rights groups had urged the justices to repeal the rule because it deprives many of the nation's lowest-paid workers of a decent wage. These employees tend to be women and minorities and often work all night, but they do not earn enough to rise above the poverty level, the advocates said."


• However, UPI (6/12) reports, "The issue is not that home-care agencies do not want to pay better wages, said New York State Association of Health Care Providers President Phyllis Wang, but because Medicare and Medicaid rates are set by the government, home healthcare agencies cannot raise rates like more traditional businesses in order to provide higher wages and benefits."


• Also, a separate AP (6/12, Yost) story notes that "Coke's former employer, Long Island Care at Home Ltd., says it would experience 'tremendous and unsustainable losses' if it had to comply with federal overtime requirements."


• Moreover, the New York Times (6/12, B3, Greenhouse) adds, "The Bloomberg administration filed an amicus brief in the case, arguing that a victory for Ms. Coke could force the city, state and federal governments, which finance home care through Medicaid, to pay $250 million more a year to the 60,000 home-care attendants in the city." The Times continues, "The main question in the case was whether several 1974 amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) exempted home-care aides employed by agencies from minimum-wage and overtime protections. In contrast, all sides agreed that those amendments exempted aides hired directly by the elderly or infirm." Writing for the court, Justice Stephen G. Breyer "acknowledged that the Labor Department had issued conflicting regulations. One says that home-care aides employed through agencies or other third parties are exempt from protections under the Fair Labor Standards Act, and another that aides should not be exempt from minimum-wage and overtime protections unless they work in the home of their employer."


• USA Today (6/12, Biskupic) reports, "AARP lawyer Sarah Lock said the decision would make it more difficult for families to find attendants to undertake personal care of the ill and elderly, such as bathing and dressing. Lock called the decision a 'great disappointment' for AARP members of the baby-boom generation who are caring for aging parents and also concerned with their own needs." The "Service Employees International Union (SEIU), which backed Coke, and other advocates for home-care aides said they would push for federal legislation to lift the exemption or encourage a new administration to interpret the FLSA to cover the attendants." Ruling won't affect every state.


• Meanwhile, Bloomberg (6/12, Stohr) reports, "At least 10 states impose their own minimum-wage and overtime requirements on providers that employ home-care workers."


• For example, the Philadelphia Inquirer (6/12, Von Bergen) notes that "yesterday's decision will have little bearing on two local overtime cases involving home-care workers," because "Pennsylvania wage laws do not have the same ambiguities as the federal law. ... Philadelphia-area home-health employees, working with the Service Employees International Union, have filed lawsuits against two nonunion home-care agencies -- Lee's Industries Inc., of Germantown, and Total Health Home Care Corp., of Upper Darby."


• The Wall Street Journal (6/12, A12, Bravin, Anderson) also notes the Supreme Court's decision.